Acute laryngotracheitis - Croup (Pediatrics - PEDS)

Croup (or laryngotracheitis) is a respiratory disease that is characterized by inflammation of the larynx and trachea and is usually triggered by an acute viral infection in the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by the parainfluenza virus (75% of cases, types 1 and 2), influenza A and B, measles, adenovirus infections and human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Croup is characterized by a “barking” cough, stridor (an acute sound that occurs during inspiration), dysphonia, and difficulty breathing which often worsens during the evening. Other symptoms include fever, coryza (inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose) and retraction of the chest wall. It is diagnosed by carrying out a detailed medical history and complete physical examination. Treatment is based on a quick assessment of the general appearance, monitoring of vital signs to check blood oxygen saturation, permeability of the airway, and assessment of the patient’s neurological status. In terms of medical treatment, depending on the severity of the case, inhaled, oral or intravenous anti-inflammatory medications (corticosteroids) will be administered along with nebulized epinephrine (adrenaline) to reduce inflammation.