A neurodevelopmental brain disorder that affects attention, organization and planning, decision-making, and inhibition. It is usually diagnosed between the ages of 5 and 11 and affects up to 15% of children.
There are three types of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD):
- Attention deficit prdominates - Predominant hyperactivity
- Predominantly hyperactivity - Impulsivity
- Combination of both
The attention deficit variant is characterized by difficulty paying attention to details, following directions or completing tasks, organizing, planning, or maintaining order, and losing necessary objects.
The hyperactivity-impulsivity variant is characterized by the person moving excessively, having difficulty sitting still, always having to be busy, talking excessively, reacting prematurely, acting impulsively and without thinking (crossing the street without looking), and not appreciating or underestimating the consequences.
It is thought to have a genetic component, although the exact cause is not known. There is evidence of dysfunction in the dopamine and norepinephrine systems.
They usually have a low tolerance for frustration and present irritability. They may have sleep problems, resist going to bed, or not get out of bed when they wake up. On physical examination, they may show clumsiness and uncoordinated movements.
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