Endometrial polyps are growths of the innermost layer of the uterus called the endometrium. They measure from a few millimeters to 2 or 3 centimeters. They are attached to the uterine cavity by a narrower tissue that contains the blood vessels that allow them to grow. The vast majority are benign (99%).
They are frequently found in patients between 40 and 50 years of age, but can also appear after menopause.
Although most are asymptomatic, the most frequent symptom is vaginal bleeding, including heavy menstrual bleeding, menstrual irregularity or bleeding after menopause. They can also cause fertility problems.
Diagnosis is clinical, by interrogation and genital examination. It is usually completed with imaging techniques such as vaginal ultrasound. In some cases, it may be necessary to introduce a liquid into the uterus during the ultrasound (sonohysterography), to reveal the polyp. The definitive diagnosis is obtained by hysteroscopy, which consists of introducing a camera through the cervix to gain access into the uterine cavity. This technique allows both diagnostic confirmation and treatment since it facilitates extraction under direct vision.
There are no mechanisms to prevent the appearance of endometrial polyps. If you have had endometrial polyps you may develop them again at some point in your life.
- Nijkang NP, Anderson L, Markham R, Manconi F. Endometrial polyps: Pathogenesis, sequelae and treatment. SAGE Open Med. 2019;7:2050312119848247. Published 2019 May 2.
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- Indraccolo U, DiIorio R, Matteo M, et al. The pathogenesis of endometrial polyps: a systematic semi-quantitative review. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2013; 34(1): 5–22
