Skin disorder characterised by the appearance of redness and pimples. It is more common during adolescence but can occur at any age and affects both genders equally.
It occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and/or dead skin cells. It has been associated with milk consumption, while its association with chocolate consumption has been debunked.
Typically, it presents with pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads on the upper body, especially the face, chest, and upper back. If it affects the skin severely, it can lead to permanent scarring once the pimples disappear. If the affected area is extensive and/or the pimples are very noticeable, it can cause embarrassment, withdrawal, and anxiety in the individual. Manipulating the pimples can promote infection, which can lead to scaly and/or ulcerative skin lesions.
Diagnosis is made through physical examination, without the need for further tests except in very severe cases or cases with uncertain diagnoses.
Treatment depends on the age and cause of the acne. It is recommended to cleanse the skin with neutral pH soap and water. If a triggering cause is known, it should be addressed, for example, by discontinuing medications that may cause acne.
Medications aimed at reducing oil production, inflammation, promoting skin cell renewal, and treating/preventing infection will be used. Common topical medications include retinoids, antibiotics, dapsone, salicylic acid, and azelaic acid. Commonly used oral medications include oral contraceptives, anti-androgens, oral antibiotics, and isotretinoin.
Other therapies used to treat acne include chemical peels, laser therapy, comedone extraction, and steroid injections for cystic lesions.
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- Wolkenstein P, Machovcová A, Szepietowski JC, et al. Acne prevalence and associations with lifestyle: a cross-sectional online survey of adolescents/young adults in 7 European countries. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018; 32:298.
- Jeremy AH, Holland DB, Roberts SG, et al. Inflammatory events are involved in acne lesion initiation. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121:20.
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- Jahns AC, Lundskog B, Ganceviciene R, et al. An increased incidence of Propionibacterium acnes biofilms in acne vulgaris: a case-control study. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167:50.
