Basal cell skin carcinoma - Basal cell carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in the basal cells of the skin. These cells are responsible for generating new cells when old ones die.

It can appear at any age, but becomes more common with advancing age. It typically affects individuals with fair skin and freckles and is uncommon in those with darker skin tones.

Prolonged exposure to the sun's ultraviolet light is the most common cause. Other risk factors include skin radiation during radiotherapy or immunosuppressive treatment, and contact with arsenic. There is also a genetic component, with the condition appearing in people with a personal or family history of skin cancer.

It manifests as a small lump or ulcer on sun-exposed areas of skin, such as the face and neck. The lesion is usually transparent, allowing the small blood vessels inside to be seen. It may have more or less well-defined, shiny edges. It can develop into an ulcer that tends to bleed easily when rubbed. Less common forms include brown, black or bluish lesions or flat, reddish patches that may peel. The least common type may appear as a whitish, waxy-looking scar.

Diagnosis is clinical, based on questioning the patient and examining the lesion. The type of cancer will be confirmed by a skin biopsy.

Treatment involves surgically removing the lesion. Other treatments include curettage and electrodesiccation, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and treatments with creams or ointments, as well as cryosurgery using liquid nitrogen.

It is very rare for the cancer to spread and cause distant metastases. In such cases, chemotherapy and/or targeted drug therapy may be necessary.

You should consult a doctor if you notice a skin lesion that grows slowly and/or ulcerates or changes colour.