It is the malignant transformation of the cells that make up the bladder (the hollow organ in the lower abdomen where urine is stored).
Smoking is considered to be the main risk factor, although there are others such as exposure to certain industrial chemicals at work, etc.
The most common clinical manifestations are bleeding on urination, pain on urination and pain in the lower back.
It is diagnosed by a detailed medical history, complete clinical examination, blood and urine analysis, endoscopic examination, bladder biopsy, CT-scan, pelvic MRI, intravenous pyelogram and urography.
They can be used alone or in combination, surgical treatment, internal or external radiotherapy, chemotherapy and/or biological therapy (with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin).
- Yair Lotan, Toni K Choueiri. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and staging of bladder cancer. UpToDate. Mar 07, 2016.
- Mitra AP, Skinner EC, Schuckman AK, et al. Effect of gender on outcomes following radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: a critical analysis of 1,994 patients. Urol Oncol 2014; 32:52.e1.
- Chou R, Gore JL, Buckley D, et al. Urinary Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2015; 163:922.
- Kamat AM, Dickstein RJ, Messetti F, et al. Use of fluorescence in situ hybridization to predict response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy for bladder cancer: results of a prospective trial. J Urol 2012; 187:862.
- Howard I. Scher, Jonathan E. Rosenberg, Robert J. Motzer. Carcinomas de vejiga y de células renales. Harrison. Principios de Medicina Interna. Volumen 2. 19º Edición. 575:579.
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