Caffeine is a stimulant that works mainly on the central nervous system (brain).
The most common cause of poisoning is the accidental ingestion of a greater amount than the recommended or as an intentional means of self-harm (together with other substances).
It causes agitation, nervousness, insomnia, incoherent flow of thoughts and words, increase in urination, stomach pain, nausea and vomiting, muscle twitching, palpitations and sweating. It may produce life-threatening symptoms such as cardiac arrhythmias or seizures.
Diagnosis is made based on clinical history and physical examination.
In mild cases, treatment will consist of symptom control. Vital signs such as temperature, pulse, respiratory rate and blood pressure are monitored. In severe poisoning, it will be necessary to ensure general support measures in a hospital centre. In early stages, gastric lavage and administration of activated charcoal may be considered.
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