Diabetic ketoacidosis

It is a decompensation of metabolism in diabetic patients, usually those who are insulin-dependent (type I). It is a common form of diabetes onset in many people.

It is caused by insufficient insulin in the blood, which prevents the body from using glucose as a source of energy. Instead, the body uses fats, generating acids that accumulate in the blood called ketones, which are excreted in the urine.

It manifests with rapid breathing, dry skin and mucous membranes, intense thirst, fruity-smelling breath, nausea-vomiting, abdominal pain, fatigue, decreased appetite and, after a few hours, decreased consciousness.

Diagnosis is made by questioning, physical examination and blood tests.

Treatment should be started immediately in a hospital: administration of insulin, abundant serum therapy, correction of internal metabolism (potassium and acidosis); vital signs should be monitored regularly.

It is considered a medical emergency that can be life-threatening within a few hours. Warning signs: decreased level of consciousness and accelerated breathing (greater than 25 breaths/minute).