Hepatic encephalopathy grade III and IV

Medium urgency
-Moderately severe

Alteration in brain function due to a failure in the liver's ability to remove neurotoxins in the blood.

It is caused by diseases that directly affect the liver (hepatitis, cirrhosis, etc.) or by diseases that cause a disturbance in blood flow through the liver.

It manifests with rancid (or sweet) breath, sleep disorders, mental confusion, frequent forgetfulness, personality changes, alteration of concentration, clumsiness in fine movements, tremors and tendency to become agitated. Afterwards, stupor and coma appear.

Diagnosis is reached through the clinical history, a physical examination and blood tests.

If the cause is known, it must be treated, for example, digestive bleeding, infection, etc.

Bibliographic references
  1. Peter Ferenci. Hepatic encephalopathy in adults: Treatment. UpToDate Feb 25, 2016.
  2. Peter Ferenci. Hepatic encephalopathy in adults: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis. UpToDate Sep 23, 2015.
  3. Julio A Chalela, Scott E Kasner. Acute toxic-metabolic encephalopathy in adults. UpToDate Sep 01, 2016.
  4. Dahaba AA, Worm HC, Zhu SM, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of bispectral index for classification of overt hepatic encephalopathy: a multicentre, observer blinded, validation study. Gut 2008; 57:77.
  5. Weissenborn K, Ennen JC, Schomerus H, et al. Neuropsychological characterization of hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol 2001; 34:768.
  6. Riggio O, Ridola L, Pasquale C, et al. A simplified psychometric evaluation for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9:613.
  7. Bruce R Bacon. Cirrosis y sus complicaciones. Harrison. Principios de Medicina Interna. Volumen 1. 19º Edición. 2066.
  8. J Terés, A Más. Hemorragia Digestiva Alta. Farreras Rozman. Medicina Interna. Volumen 1. 12º edición. 311:316.
Author
Dr. Oscar Garcia-Esquirol
Copyright
© TeckelMedical 2026

Symptoms

    Diminished level of consciousness


    Coma


    Hand-flapping


    Daytime sleepiness


    Inverted sleep pattern, sleeping during daytime

Pre-hospital care recommendations

Do not leave the person suffering from the disease alone.