A kidney disease characterised by excessive loss of protein in the urine. Although more common in children, it can also affect adults and may be caused by kidney diseases such as glomerulonephritis, diabetes mellitus or amyloidosis.
Symptoms include generalised swelling, especially around the eyes and lower limbs, due to fluid retention. There may also be low levels of protein in the blood, which increases the risk of problems such as hyperlipidaemia, thrombosis and infection.
The diagnosis is made by urine tests that show high levels of protein, usually more than 3.5 grams per day in adults, and low levels of protein in the blood serum.
Treatment focuses on controlling the symptoms and treating the cause. This may include the use of medications such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressants to reduce inflammation and protein loss. Diuretics may also be prescribed to control fluid retention and prevent swelling.
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