It is cancer that forms in the ovaries, which are a pair of female reproductive glands in which female hormones are formed. Depending on the type of cell that malignises and grows uncontrollably, we will distinguish three types of cancer:
- Epithelial tumours (the most frequent).
- Germ cell tumours.
- Stromal tumours.
It is more frequent in postmenopausal women, with maximum incidence between 50 and 75 years.
The cause is unknown, but hormonal, environmental and genetic factors (BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes) have been described that may favour its appearance. Instead, the risk for breast and ovarian cancer decreases in women taking oral contraceptives.
It usually produces few symptoms, and may reach an advanced stage before showing any signs. The most frequent symptoms are abdominal discomfort, bloating, constipation, back pain and pain during sexual intercourse.
When suspected, the first thing to do is a complete medical history and a thorough physical examination with a gynaecological examination. A blood test will be performed including CA 125 tumour marker, a gynaecological ultrasound and a CT-scan of the abdomen to complete the study of extension. A biopsy should be taken to confirm the diagnosis and the stage of the disease.
Treatment is based on the type of ovarian cancer and stage, including surgical removal in all cases. Other adjuvant treatments may be associated: chemotherapy, antiangiogenic treatment and treatment with PARP inhibitors (Olaparib, Niraparib and Rucaparib).
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