Pneumothorax

Pneumothorax is the leakage of air from the lung into the space between the lung and the ribs.

Depending on the aetiology, it is classified as either spontaneous or traumatic, and depending on the size of the air leak, as small, moderate or massive. When a massive pneumothorax affects circulation, it is known as a tension pneumothorax and is considered a life-threatening emergency.

It presents with shortness of breath, chest pain, dry cough and altered respiratory movements.

Diagnosis combines a clinical history with physical examination and imaging.

Treatment depends on the size of the air leak and the symptoms. In mild cases, oxygen therapy and painkillers may be enough, but in severe cases, the trapped air needs to be removed.