紧急程度中等
-中度严重
使用源自鸦片（吗啡，羟考酮和麻醉阿片类药物）或海洛因的药物引起的病症。
过量可能是偶然的或有意的。
症状包括精神状态改变，呼吸抑制，低血压和脉搏微弱。
诊断依据是临床病史，体格检查和辅助检查，如一般分析，毒理学检查，胸部X光检查，心电图和脑部计算机断层扫描（如果癫痫发作）。
支持治疗和症状，以及称为纳洛酮的解毒剂，将尽快应用，即使在院外水平。
- Andrew Stolbach, MD, Robert S Hoffman, MD. Acute opioid intoxication in adults. UpToDate. Jan 25, 2016.
- QuickStats: Number of Deaths From Poisoning,* Drug Poisoning,† and Drug Poisoning Involving Opioid Analgesics§ — United States, 1999–2010 www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6212a7.htm?s_cid=mm6212a7_e (Accessed on April 08, 2013).
- Dart RC, Surratt HL, Cicero TJ, et al. Trends in opioid analgesic abuse and mortality in the United States. N Engl J Med 2015; 372:241.
- Binswanger IA, Blatchford PJ, Mueller SR, Stern MF. Mortality after prison release: opioid overdose and other causes of death, risk factors, and time trends from 1999 to 2009. Ann Intern Med 2013; 159:592.
- Spinner HL, Lonardo NW, Mulamalla R, Stehlik J. Ventricular tachycardia associated with high-dose chronic loperamide use. Pharmacotherapy 2015; 35:234.
- Indalecio Morán, Jaume Baldirà, Luís Marruecos, Santiago Nogué. Intoxicación por opiáceos y opióides. Intoxicación clínica. Capítulo 40. Páginas 483-497. Grupo Difusión.
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